Exploring the Old Dominion

I have had a few takeaways from this course that will stick with me for a while. They were further emphasized in this skill assignment. Based on previous work in the course, I understood that historical artifacts do not last forever, and their absence and destruction is often notably silent. There were several stops on my tour that no longer existed, despite their historical relevance, and are not even honored with a plaque. Especially as a native of the Washington, D.C. area, I was surprised to hear what used to be considered a tourist attraction. Additionally, I’ve developed an understanding that individuals experience history differently based on their experiences, and the use of the Green Book as a resource enhanced this point. My mapping project can be found here.

The first thing that caught my eye about this project as the transient nature of historical sites in the Washington D.C. area. Among the ten locations marked in my map, the Hoover Airport, Mount Eagle, and Fort O’Rourke have all been demolished. In historical context, not that much time has even passed since these sites were relevant to the culture. They were considered destinations to visit less than a hundred years ago, and each of the sites was established less than three hundred years ago. Given the rapid expansion and modernization of this area during the 20th century, it makes sense that each of these sites were replaced with government buildings, transportation infrastructure, and housing. This also made me consider how historical artifacts will be treated in our new digital age. The nature of historical research is undoubtedly changing1 If something doesn’t take up physical space, but space on a hard drive, is it more likely to be saved? And how do we determine what is worth saving? The Hoover airport wasn’t a commercial necessity. It became obsolete and unnecessary when more airports were established in the area. Why would it be worth maintaining?

Alternatively, I also considered the role of diversity and perspective in historical preservation and tourism. In the first heat map I developed for this area, there were zero establishments that were marked as being welcome for African American travellers.

Although, this did improve in the succeeding decades. The above map shows information from the 1947 Green Book, while the below map shows information from the 1956 Green Book.

Still, this map is effective, as maps often are2, in helping to visualize and understand the reality of an individual’s existence. That first map portrays the uncertainty that any African American would have regarding tourism in Virginia.

Still, through the destinations provided, it becomes clear that African Americans are not a considered demographic for this guide. Despite discussions of three different plantations in this tour, there was zero discussion of enslaved people, but plenty of discussion about the architecture of said plantations. The focus on these plantations also leads to a situation where, if you’re an African American who doesn’t wish to visit the sites where people were enslaved and tortured for having the skin color that you currently have, the tour becomes unenjoyable.

Going off the Road

Beginning this assignment, I immediately knew what state I wanted to look at. Maine has always interested me, so I thought this would be the perfect time to get my feet wet. The tour I chose was Tour #4, From Fort Kent to Mattawamkeag. Now the focus of these tours was mobility and creating a good sense of the state for tourists. This tour intrigued me because it sounded mostly “off-road.” Trails and canoeing down rivers were always mentioned at some point along the way. This tour was not for the faint of heart; rather, it was for those seeking sport. There was no road to simply drive down and sightsee, this route went through the woods and often junction with State Route 11 at certain points. I interpreted this as the writers wanting to show off the wilderness of the state, show what fun it has to offer in lush scenery and hard-working people.

The interesting thing about the tour is that it runs north to south almost in a straight line. Marguerite Shaffer’s See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1880-1940 states that the federal workers wanted the tours to not be cyclical, but to go in the cardinal directions from state border to state border. 1

This tour offered many surprises when compared to the Negro’s Green Book project which compiles data about trips blacks took to safe spots for them in the past. Being that this tour was organized by the government and carried out by the state and local governments, this tour was mostly in the hands of White Americans. This image, screenshotted from Google Maps shows the general path of the Fort Kent-Mattawamkeag Tour. While traversable today, White Americans would most likely have enjoyed the thrill of the sporting events (hunting game and fishing) and taking to the wooded trails and canoeing. This map, created from The Green Book‘s data in the year 1947, shows a path that does not line up with the tour. What I feel this shows is that they (the Blacks at the time) would not travel through the forest trail or down State Route 11 to get to Bangor. This shows that these small towns might not have held the same importance to White Americans as it did to Blacks. Here, I think a historical bias could be drawn, but something else needs to be looked at first.

Heat Map (Density Map) showing the prominence of safe spaces for Blacks in the year 1946. This view is specifically of the East Coast and Midwest.

Using this heat map, it is easy to see that Blacks in Maine was not a common occurrence. There was only one rest stop available for them in the city of Bangor and not much else. No matter how I planned the trip, everything always ended back up at Bangor. So, concerning the historical bias 2 of the tour, nothing really reflects a racist attitude towards blacks as they were not a heavy presence. A lot of the major cities like New York, Chicago, and Atlanta are more densely populated by such locations that it makes sense as Blacks were more common to those regions.

By taking these tours and analyzing them both digitally and spatially, the goals of the FWP in writing the guides become apparent. Maine is rich in wildlife and game, making it a choice place to visit for hunting, fishing or for beginning a lumbering industry. The concept of wanting quasi-linear tours is also apparent. Maine has it all to get tourists coming to its forested frontiers. In a similar vein, The Green Book shows the racism of the times and the places blacks could go. It evinces a sense of a broken nation that really clashes with the goals the New Deal Administration wanted to bring in.

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