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                <text>Cavalcade of the American negro the story of the Negro's progress during 75 years, compiled by the Illinois Writers Project</text>
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                <text>Mr. Franks playing an English guitar, Manuel Lemos and Alberto Mendes playing violas d'arame, group portrait, photograph</text>
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                <text>Left to right: Mr. Franks, Manuel Lemos and Alberto Mendes. Photograph caption: Manuel Lemos' viola d'arame has a fan-shaped tuning mechanism; Alberto Mendes' viola d'arame has guitar-type tuning pegs. All three instruments were made by Alberto Mendes. Forms part of a group of field materials documenting Alberto Mendes, Manuel Lemos, and Mr. Franks performing Portuguese songs and music from the Azores on February 6 and March 3, 1939, collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell in Richmond, California on January 19, 1939.</text>
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                <text>The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright or other restrictions in the Voices Remembering Slavery Collection. Absent any such restrictions, these materials are free to use and reuse.</text>
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              <text>Fountain Hughes: Talk to who?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Well, just tell me what your name is.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: My name is Fountain Hughes. I was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. My&#13;
grandfather belong to Thomas Jefferson. My grandfather was a hundred and fifteen years old when&#13;
he died. And now I am one hundred and, and one year old. That's enough. [recording stops and starts&#13;
again]. She used to work, but what she made I don't know. I never ask her.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: You just go ahead and talk away there. You don't mind, do you, Uncle Fountain?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: No. And when, now, your husband and you both are young. You all try to live like&#13;
young people ought to live. Don't want everything somebody else has got. Whatever you get, if its&#13;
yours be satisfied. And don't spend your money till you get it. So many people get in debt. Well, that&#13;
all was so cheap when I bought it. You spend your money before you get it because you're going&#13;
in debt for what you want. When you want something, wait until you get the money and pay for it&#13;
cash. That's the way I've done. If I've wanted anything, I'd wait until I got the money and I paid for it&#13;
cash. I never bought nothing on time in my life. Now plenty people if they want a suit of clothes, they&#13;
go to work and they'll buy them on time. Well they say they was cheap. They cheap. If you got the&#13;
money you can buy them cheaper. They want something for, for waiting on you for, uh, till you get&#13;
ready to pay them. And if you got the money you can go where you choose and buy it when you go,&#13;
when you want it. You see? Don't buy it because somebody else go down and run a debt and run a&#13;
bill or, I'm going to run it too. Don't do that. I never done it. Now, I'm a hundred years old and I don't&#13;
owe nobody five cents, and I ain't got no money either. And I'm happy, just as happy as somebody&#13;
that's oh, got million. Nothing worries me. I'm not, my head ain't even white. I, nothing in the world&#13;
worries me. I can sit here in this house at night, nobody can come and say, "Mr. Hughes, you owe&#13;
me a quarter, you owe me a dollar, you owe me five cents." No you can't. I don't owe you nothing.&#13;
Why? I never made no bills in my life. And I'm living too. And I'm a hundred years old. And if you&#13;
take my advice today, you'll never make a bill. Because what you want, give your money, pay them&#13;
cash, and then the rest of the money is yours. But if you run a bill they, well, so much and so much&#13;
and you don't have to pay. Nothing down it's, it's all when you come to pay. It's all, you don't have&#13;
to pay no more. But they, they'll, they'll charge you more. They getting something or other or else&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
they wouldn't trust you. But I can't just say what they getting. But they getting something or other&#13;
else they wouldn't want your credit. Now I tell you that anybody that trusts you for two dollars or&#13;
have a account with them by the month or by the week, store count or any account. They're getting&#13;
something out of it. Else they don't want to accommodate you that much to trust you. Now, if I want,&#13;
course I ain't got no clothes, but if I want some clothes, I, I ain't got no money, I'm going to wait till I&#13;
get the money to buy them. Indeed I am. I'm not a going to say because I can get them on trust, I go&#13;
down and get them. I got to pay a dollar more anyhow. But either they charge you more or they say&#13;
taxes are so much. But if I've got the money to pay cash, I'll pay the taxes and all down in cash, you&#13;
know. It's all done with. So many of colored people is head over heels in debt. Trust me trust. I'll get&#13;
it on time. They want a set of furniture, go down and pay down so much and the rest on time. You&#13;
done paid that, you done paid for them then. When you pay down so much and they charge you fifty&#13;
dollar, hundred dollars for a set and you pay down twenty-five dollars cash, you done paid them.&#13;
That's all it was worth, twenty-five dollars, and you pay, now you, I'm seventy-five dollars in debt now.&#13;
Because I, I have to pay a hundred dollars for that set, and it's only worth about twenty-five dollar.&#13;
But you buying it on time. But people ain't got sense enough to know it. But when you get old like I&#13;
am, you commence to think, well, I have done wrong. I should have kept my money until I wanted&#13;
this thing, and when I want it, I take my money and go pay cash for it. Or else I will do without it.&#13;
That's supposing you want a new dress. You say, well I'll, I'll buy it, but, uh, I don't need it. But I can&#13;
get it on time. Well let's go down the store today and get something on time. Well you go down and&#13;
get a dress on time. Something else in there, I want that. They'll sell that to you on time. You won't&#13;
have to pay nothing down. But there's a payday coming. And when that payday comes, they want&#13;
you come pay them. If you don't, they can't get no more. Well, if you never do that, if you don't start&#13;
it, you will never end it. I never did buy nothing on time. I must tell you on this, I'm sitting right here&#13;
now today, and if I's the last word I've got to tell you, I never even much as tried to buy a, a shirt on&#13;
time. And plenty people go to work, go down to the store and buy uh, three and four dollars for a&#13;
shirt. Two, three uh, seven, eight dollars for a pair of pants. Course they get them on time. I don't,&#13;
no, no, no. I say, I got, I buy something for five dollars. Because I got the five dollars, I'll pay for it. I'm&#13;
done with that.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: You talk about how old you are Uncle Fountain. Do you, tell how far back do you&#13;
remember?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: I remember [pause]. Well I'll tell you, uh. Things come to me in spells, you know. I&#13;
remember things, uh, more when I'm laying down than I do when I'm standing or when I'm walking&#13;
around. Now in my boy days, why, uh, boys lived quite different from the way they live now. But boys&#13;
wasn't as mean as they are now either. Boys lived to, they had a good time. The masters di, didn't&#13;
treat them bad. And they was always satisfied. They never wore no shoes until they was twelve or&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
thirteen years old. And now people put on shoes on babies you know, when they're two year, when&#13;
they month old. I be, I don't know how old they are. Put shoes on babies. Just as soon as you see&#13;
them out in the street they got shoes on. I told a woman the other day, I said, "I never had no shoes&#13;
till I was thirteen years old." She say, "Well but you bruise your feet all up, and stump your toes." I&#13;
say, "Yes, many time I've stump my toes, and blood run out them. That didn't make them buy me&#13;
no shoes." And I been, oh, oh you wore a dress like a woman till I was, I [be-believe [?] ten, twelve,&#13;
thirteen years old.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: So you wore a dress.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Yes. I didn't wear no pants, and of course didn't make boys' pants. Boys wore&#13;
dresses. Now only womens wearing the dresses and the boys is going with the, with the womens&#13;
wearing the pants now and the boys wearing the dresses. Still [laughs].&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Who did you work for Uncle Fountain when ... ?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Who'd I work for?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Yeah.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: When I, you mean when I was slave?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Yeah, when you were a slave. Who did you work for?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Well, I belonged to, uh, B., when I was a slave. My mother belonged to B. But&#13;
my, uh, but, uh, we, uh, was all slave children. And after, soon after when we found out that we&#13;
was free, why then we was, uh, bound out to different people. [names of people] and an all such&#13;
people as that. And we would run away, and wouldn't stay with them. Why then we'd just go and stay&#13;
anywheres we could. Lay out a night in underwear. We had no home, you know. We was just turned&#13;
out like a lot of cattle. You know how they turn cattle out in a pasture? Well after freedom, you know,&#13;
colored people didn't have nothing. Colored people didn't have no beds when they was slaves. We&#13;
always slept on the floor, pallet here, and a pallet there. Just like, uh, lot of, uh, wild people, we didn't,&#13;
we didn't know nothing. Didn't allow you to look at no book. And then there was some free born&#13;
colored people, why they had a little education, but there was very few of them, where we was. And&#13;
they all had uh, what you call, I might call it now, uh, jail centers, was just the same as we was in jail.&#13;
Now I couldn't go from here across the street, or I couldn't go through nobody's house without I&#13;
have a note, or something from my master. And if I had that pass, that was what we call a pass, if I&#13;
had that pass, I could go wherever he sent me. And I'd have to be back, you know, when uh. Whoever&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
he sent me to, they, they'd give me another pass and I'd bring that back so as to show how long I'd&#13;
been gone. We couldn't go out and stay a hour or two hours or something like. They send you. Now,&#13;
say for instance I'd go out here to S.'s place. I'd have to walk. And I would have to be back maybe in&#13;
a hour. Maybe they'd give me hour. I don't know just how long they'd give me. But they'd give me a&#13;
note so there wouldn't nobody interfere with me, and tell who I belong to. And when I come back,&#13;
why I carry it to my master and give that to him, that'd be all right. But I couldn't just walk away like&#13;
the people does now, you know. It was what they call, we were slaves. We belonged to people. They'd&#13;
sell us like they sell horses and cows and hogs and all like that. Have a auction bench, and they'd put&#13;
you on, up on the bench and bid on you just same as you bidding on cattle you know.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Was that in Charlotte that you were a slave?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Hmmm?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Was that in Charlotte or Charlottesville?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: That was in Charlottesville.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Charlottesville, Virginia.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Selling women, selling men. All that. Then if they had any bad ones, they'd sell&#13;
them to the nigga traders, what they called the nigga traders. And they'd ship them down south,&#13;
and sell them down south. But, uh, otherwise if you was a good, good person they wouldn't sell you.&#13;
But if you was bad and mean and they didn't want to beat you and knock you around, they'd sell&#13;
you what to the, what was call the nigga trader. They'd have a regular, have a sale every month, you&#13;
know, at the courthouse. And then they'd sell you, and get two hundred dollar, hundred dollar, five&#13;
hundred dollar.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Were you ever sold from one person to another?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Mmmm?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Were you ever sold?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: No, I never was sold.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Always stayed with the same person. [Hermond Norwood and Fountain Hughes&#13;
overlap)&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
Fountain Hughes: All, all. I was too young to sell.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Oh I see.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: See I wasn't old enough during the war to sell, during the Army. And uh, my father&#13;
got killed in the Army, you know. So it left us small children just to live on whatever people choose to,&#13;
uh, give us. I was, I was bound out for a dollar a month. And my mother used to collect the money.&#13;
Children wasn't, couldn't spend money when I come along.In, in, in fact when I come along, young&#13;
men, young men couldn't spend no money until they was twenty-one years old. And then you was&#13;
twenty-one, why then you could spend your money. But if you wasn't twenty-one, you couldn't&#13;
spend no money. I couldn't take, I couldn't spend ten cents if somebody give it to me. Because they'd&#13;
say, "Well, he might have stole it." We all come along, you might say, we had to give an account of&#13;
what you done. You couldn't just do things and walk off and say I didn't do it. You'd have to, uh, give&#13;
an account of it. Now, uh, after we got freed and they turned us out like cattle, we could, we didn't&#13;
have nowhere to go. And we didn't have nobody to boss us, and, uh, we didn't know nothing. There&#13;
wasn't, wasn't no schools. And when they started a little school, why, the people that were slaves,&#13;
there couldn't many of them go to school, except they had a father and a mother. And my father&#13;
was dead, and my mother was living, but she had three, four other little children, and she had to&#13;
put them all to work for to help take care of the others. So we had, uh, we had what you call, worse&#13;
than dogs has got it now. Dogs has got it now better than we had it when we come along. I know,&#13;
I remember one night, I was out after I, I was free, and I didn't have nowhere to go. I didn't have&#13;
nowhere to sleep. I didn't know what to do. My brother and I was together. So we knew a man that&#13;
had a, a livery stable. And we crept in that yard, and got into one of the hacks of the automobile, and&#13;
slept in that hack all night long. So next morning, we could get out and go where we belonged. But&#13;
we was afraid to go at night because we didn't know where to go, and didn't know what time to go.&#13;
But we had got away from there, and we afraid to go back, so we crept in, slept in that thing all night&#13;
until the next morning, and we got back where we belong before the people got up. Soon as day&#13;
commenced, come, break, we got out and commenced to go where we belonged. But we never done&#13;
that but the one time. After that we always, if there, if there was a way, we'd try to get back before&#13;
night come. But then that was on a Sunday too, that we done that. Now, uh, when we were slaves,&#13;
we couldn't do that, see. And after we got free we didn't know nothing to do. And my mother, she,&#13;
then she hunted places, and bound us out for a dollar a month, and we stay there maybe a couple&#13;
of years. And, she'd come over and collect the money every month. And a dollar was worth more&#13;
then than ten dollars is now. And I, and the men used to work for ten dollars a month, hundred and&#13;
twenty dollars a year. Used to hire that a way. And, uh, now you can't get a man for, fifty dollars a&#13;
month. You paying a man now fifty dollars a month, he don't want to work for it.&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
Hermond Norwood: More like fifty dollars a week now a days.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: [laughs] That's just it exactly. He wants fifty dollars a week and they ain't got no&#13;
more now than we had then. And we, no more money, but course they bought more stuff and more&#13;
property and all like that. We didn't have no property. We didn't have no home. We had nowhere or&#13;
nothing. We didn't have nothing only just, uh, like your cattle, we were just turned out. And uh, get&#13;
along the best you could. Nobody to look after us. Well, we been slaves all our lives. My mother was&#13;
a slave, my sisters was slaves, father was a slave.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Who was you father a slave for Uncle Fountain?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: He was a slave for B. He belong, he belong to B.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Didn't he belong to Thomas Jefferson at one time?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: He didn't belong to Thomas Jefferson. My grandfather belong to&#13;
Thomas Jefferson.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Oh your grandfather did.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Yeah. And, uh, my father belong to, uh, B. And, uh, and B. died during the wartime&#13;
because, uh, he was afraid he'd have to go to war. But, then now, you, and in them days you could&#13;
hire a substitute to take your place. Well he couldn't get a substitute to take his place so he run&#13;
away from home. And he took cold. And when he come back, the war was over but he died. And&#13;
then, uh, if he had lived, couldn't been no good. The Yankees just come along and, just broke the&#13;
mill open and hauled all the flour out in the river and broke the, broke the store open and throwed&#13;
all the meat out in the street and throwed all the sugar out. And we, we boys would pick it up and&#13;
carry it and give it to our missus and master, young masters, told we come to be, well I don't know&#13;
how old. I don't know, to tell you the truth when I think of it today, I don't know how I'm living. None,&#13;
none of the rest of them that I know of is living. I'm the oldest one that I know that's living. But, still,&#13;
I'm thankful to the Lord. Now, if, uh, if my master wanted send me, he never say, you couldn't get a&#13;
horse and ride. You walk, you know, you walk. And you be barefooted and collapse. That didn't make&#13;
no difference. You wasn't no more than a dog to some of them in them days. You wasn't treated as&#13;
good as they treat dogs now. But still I didn't like to talk about it. Because it makes, makes people&#13;
feel bad you know. Uh, I, I could say a whole lot I don't like to say. And I won't say a whole lot more.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Do you remember much about the Civil War?&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
Fountain Hughes: No, I don't remember much about it.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: You were a little young then I guess, huh.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: I, uh, I remember when the Yankees come along and took all the good horses and&#13;
took all the, throwed all the meat and flour and sugar and stuff out in the river and let it go down the&#13;
river. And they knowed the people wouldn't have nothing to live on, but they done that. And that's&#13;
the reason why I don't like to talk about it. Them people, and, and if you was cooking anything to eat&#13;
in there for yourself, and if they, they was hungry, they would go and eat it all up, and we didn't get&#13;
nothing. They'd just come in and drink up all your milk, milk. Just do as they please. Sometimes they&#13;
be passing by all night long, walking, muddy, raining. Oh, they had a terrible time. Colored people&#13;
that's free ought to be awful thankful. And some of them is sorry they are free now. Some of them&#13;
now would rather be slaves.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Which had you rather be Uncle Fountain?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Me? Which I'd rather be ? [Norwood laughs]You know what I'd rather do? If I&#13;
thought, had any idea, that I'd ever be a slave again, I'd take a gun and just end it all right away.&#13;
Because you're nothing but a dog. You're not a thing but a dog. Night never comed out, you had&#13;
nothing to do. Time to cut tobacco, if they want you to cut all night long out in the field, you cut. And&#13;
if they want you to hang all night long, you hang, hang tobacco. It didn't matter about your tired,&#13;
being tired. You're afraid to say you're tired. They just, well [voice trails off].&#13;
Hermond Norwood: When, when did you come to Baltimore?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: You know when, you don't remember when Garfield died, do you? When they,&#13;
when they shot Garfield? No, I don't think you was born.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: I don't think I was then.&#13;
Fountain Hughes: No, you wasn't [overlaps with Hermond Norwood]. Well, I don't remember what&#13;
year that was myself now, but I know you wasn't born. Well, I come to Baltimore that year anyhow.&#13;
I don't remember what year it was now myself. But if I laid, if I was laying in the bed I could have&#13;
remembered. But uh, I don't remember now.&#13;
Hermond Norwood: But did you go to work for Mr. S. when you came to Baltimore?&#13;
Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949 http://www.loc.gov/item/afc1950037_000160&#13;
Fountain Hughes: Oh no, no. I work for a man by the name of R. when I first come to Baltimore. I&#13;
used to, I commence to haul manure for him. The old horses was here then. No elec, and no electric&#13;
cars, and no cable cars. They were all horse cars. And I used to haul manure, go around to different&#13;
stables, you know. Why people, everybody had horses for, for their use when I first come here. They&#13;
had coachmen, and men to drive them around. Didn't have no, automobiles, they hadn't been here&#13;
so long. And uh, and then they put on a cable car, what they call cable car. Well they run them for&#13;
a little while, or maybe a couple or three years or four years. Then somebody invented the electric&#13;
car. And that first run on North Avenue. Well, uh, that run a while and they kep't on inventing and&#13;
inventing till they got them all, different kinds of cars, you know. It was, uh, horse cars. Wasn't no&#13;
electric cars at all. Wasn't no, wasn' no big cars like they got now you know. I just can't, I just can't&#13;
think of, uh, what year it was. But uh, [pause and then some unintelligible conversation]&#13;
Hermond Norwood: You're not getting tired are you Uncle Fountain?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: No, no I ain't. I'm just same as at home. Just like I was setting in the house. And uh,&#13;
see what. I was thinking about oh, now you know how we served the Lord when I come along, a boy?&#13;
Hermond Norwood: How was that?&#13;
Fountain Hughes: We would go to somebody's house. And uh, well we didn't have no houses like&#13;
they got now, you know. We had these what they call log cabin. And they have one, old colored man&#13;
maybe one would be there, maybe he'd be as old as I am. And he'd be the preacher. Not as old as&#13;
I am now, but, he'd be the preacher, and then we all sit down and listen at him talk about the Lord.&#13;
Well, he'd say, well I wonder, uh, sometimes you say I wonder if we'll ever be free. Well, some of&#13;
them would say, well, we going to go ask the Lord to free us. So they'd say, well, we, we going to sing&#13;
"One Day Shall I Ever Reach Heaven and One Day Shall I Fly." Then they would sing that for about a&#13;
hour. Then they, next one they'd get up and say let's sing a song, "We Gonna Live on Milk and Honey,&#13;
Way By and By." They'd, they'd, oh I can hear them singing now but I can't, can't, uh, repeat it like I&#13;
could in them days. But some day when I'm not hoarse, I could tell you, I could sing it for you, but I'm&#13;
too hoarse now. And then we'd sing, [pause] "I'm Gonna," "I'm A-Gonna Sing Around the Altar." Oh, I,&#13;
I wish I could, I wish I could sing it for you, "I'm Gonna Sing Around the Altar."&#13;
Hermond Norwood: Well I wish you could too. [overlaps with Fountain Hughes].&#13;
Fountain Hughes: And they, they, well this, someday when you come over here and I'm not hoarse,&#13;
you get me to come up here and I, I'll sing, I'll try to sing it for you.</text>
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                <text>Interview with Fountain Hughes, Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949</text>
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                <text>An interview with Fountain Hughes Recorded by Hermond Norwood in Baltimore, Maryland, June 11, 1949</text>
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                <text>Hermond Norwood</text>
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                <text>June 11, 1949</text>
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                <text>Norwood, Hermond (Interviewer)</text>
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